参考文献
Allison,Anne.2013.Precarious Japan.Durnham,NH:Duke University Press.
Amin,Samir.2013a.Three Essays on Marx's Value Theory.New York:Monthly Review Press.
Amin,Samir.2013b.The Implosion of Contemporary Capitalism. New York:Monthly Review Press.
Appay,Béatrice.2010.‘“Precarization”and Flexibility in the Labour Process.’In Globalization and Precarious Forms of Production and Employment,edited by Carole Thornley,Steve Jefferys and Béatrice Appay,23-39.Cheltenham,UK:Edward Elgar Publishing.
Barbier,Jean-Claude.2004.‘A Comparative Analysis of“Employment Precariousness”in Europe.’In Learning from Employment and Welfare Policies in Europe,edited by Marie-Thérèse Letablier,7-18.European Research & Policy(Xnat)and Economic & Social Research Council(ESRC).
Bourdieu,Pierre.1963.Travail Et Travailleurs en Algérie [Work and Workers in Algeria].Paris:Mouton.http://www.worldcat.org/title/travail-et-travailleurs-enalgerie/oclc/299887820.
Bourdieu,Pierre.1999. Acts of Resistance.Translated by Richard Nice.New York:The New Press.
Braverman,Harry.1998/1974.Labor and Monopoly Capital. New York:Monthly Review Press.
Braverman,Harry.1975.‘Work and Unemployment.’Monthly Review 27(2):18-32.
Braverman,Harry.1994.‘The Making of the U.S.Working Class.’Monthly Review 46(6):14-35.
Butler,Judith.2013.‘Exercising Freedom.’(Interview by Eliza Kania.)Revolutions 1,no.1,http://revjournal.org/exercising-freedominterview-with-judith-butler/.
Davis,Mike.2007.Planet of Slums.New York:Verso.
Engels,Friedrich.1993/1845.The Condition of the Working Class in England.Oxford,UK:Oxford University Press.
Fashoyin,Tayo,Michele Tiraboschi,Malcolm Sargeant and Martina Ori,eds.2013.Vulnerable Workers and Precarious Working.Newcastle,UK:Cambridge Scholars.
Foster,John and Robert McChesney.2012. The Endless Crisis. New York:Monthly Review Press.
Foster,John,Robert McChesney and Jamil Jonna.2011‘The Global Reserve Army of Labor and the New Imperialism.’Monthly Review 63(6):1-31.
Fracchia,Joseph.2008.‘The Capitalist Labour-Process and the Body in Pain:The Corporeal Depths of Marx's Concept of Immiseration.’Historical Materialism 16(4):35-66.
Fudge,Judy and Kendra Strauss.2013.‘Temporary Work,Agencies and Unfree Labour.’In Temporary Work,Agencies and Unfree Labour,edited by Judy Fudge and Kendra Strauss,1-25.New York and London:Routledge.
Fudge,Judy and Rosemary Owens,eds.2006. Precarious Work,Women,and the New Economy.Portland,OR:Hart Publishing.
Gorz,Andre.2001/1980. Farewell to the Working Class.London:Pluto Press.
Hymer,Stephen.1979.The Multinational Corporation.Cambridge,MA:Cambridge University Press.
ILO.2014.‘Global Employment Trends 2014.’Geneva:International Labour Organization.
ILO.2015a.‘World Employment and Social Outlook:The Changing Nature of Jobs.’Geneva:International Labour Organization.
ILO.2015b.‘Key Indicators of the Labour Market(KILM).’Geneva:International Labour Organization.
Jonna,Jamil and John Foster.2014.‘Beyond the Degradation of Labor:Harry Braverman and the Structure of the U.S.Working Class.’Monthly Review 66(5):1-23.
Kalleberg,Arne.2011.Good Jobs,Bad Jobs:The Rise of Polarized and Precarious Employment Systems in the United States,1970s to 2000s.New York:Russell Sage Foundation.
Kalleberg,Arne.2012.‘Job Quality and Precarious Work:Clarifications,Controversies,and Challenges.’Work and Occupations 39(4):427-48.
Kalleberg,Arne,Barbara Reskin and Ken Hudson.2000.‘Bad Jobs in America:Standard and Nonstandard Employment Relations and Job Quality in the United States.’American Sociological Review 65(2):256-78.
Kolko,Joyce.1988.Restructuring the World Economy.New York:Pantheon.
Leopold,David.2003.‘Introduction’in William Morris,News from Nowhere. Oxford,UK:Oxford University Press.
Magdoff,Fred.2004.‘A Precarious Existence:The Fate of Billions?’Monthly Review 55(9):1-14.
Magdoff,Fred and John Foster,2014.‘The Plight of the U.S.Working Class.’Monthly Review 65(8):1-22.
Marx,Karl.1976/1867.Capital,Vol.1.London:Penguin.
Marx,Karl.1981/1863-1865.Capital,Vol.3.London:Penguin.
Marx,Karl and Friedrich Engels.1964/1848.The Communist Manifesto. New York:Monthly Review Press.
Marx,Karl and Friedrich Engels.1975.Collected Works,Vol.6.New York:International Publishers.
Mészáros,István.2015.The Necessity of Social Control.New York:Monthly Review Press.
Morris,William.1896/1888.Signs of Change.London:Longmans,Green and Co.
Morris,William.1915. Collected Works.London:Longmans,Green and Co.
Morris,William.1969.Unpublished Lectures.Detroit,MI:Wayne State University.
Olsthoorn,Martin.2014.‘Measuring Precarious Employment:A Proposal for Two Indicators of Precarious Employment Based on Set-Theory and Tested with Dutch Labor Market-Data.’Social Indicators Research 119(1):421-41.
Quinlan,Michael.2012.‘The“Pre-Invention”of Precarious Employment:The Changing World of Work in Context.’The Economic and Labour Relations Review 23(4):3-24.
Rosdolsky,Roman.1977.The Making of Marx's Capital. London:Pluto Press.
Salmon,Nick.1996.The William Morris Chronology.Bristol,UK:Thoemmes Press.
Seymour,Richard.2012.‘We Are All Precarious—On the Concept of the“Precariat”and Its Misuses.’New Left Project,February 10,http://www.new-leftproject.org/index.php/site/article_comments/we_are_all_precarious_on_the_concept_of_the_precariat_and_its_misuses.
Standing,Guy.2011.The Precariat. London:Bloomsbury Academic.
Thompson,Edward.1976.William Morris:Romantic to Revolutionary.New York:Pantheon.
Vosko,Leah.2000.Temporary Work.Toronto:University of Toronto Press.
Vosko,Leah.2010.Managing the Margins.New York:Oxford University Press.
Wacquant,Loïc.2007.‘Territorial Stigmatization in the Age of Advanced Marginality.’ Thesis Eleven 91(1):66-77.
Wilson,William.1987.The Truly Disadvantaged. Chicago,IL:University of Chicago Press.
[1]本文首发于Monthly Review,2016年第67卷第11期,第21~38页。
[2]贾米尔·乔纳,美国伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳—香槟分校(University of Illinois,Urbana-Champaign)社会学系助理研究员、《每月评论》(Monthly Review)编辑,曾在《劳工研究》(Labor Studies Journal)、《组织与环境》(Organization and Environment)等期刊上发表学术论文多篇。约翰·福斯特,美国俄勒冈大学(University of Oregon)社会学系教授。他的研究兴趣聚焦于资本主义政治经济与危机、生态危机、马克思主义理论,代表作有《赤裸的帝国主义》(Naked Imperialism,2006)、《脆弱的星球:环境经济简史》(The Vulnerable Planet:A Short Economic History of the Environment,1999)、《垄断资本主义理论》(The Theory of Monopoly Capitalism,1986)等,曾在《美国社会学期刊》(American Journal of Sociology)、《每月评论》、《组织与环境》等期刊上发表学术论文多篇。苏熠慧,上海财经大学人文学院副教授。姚建华,复旦大学新闻学院副教授。
[3]恩格斯最早在他1843年《政治经济学批判大纲》(Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy)中引入了劳动后备军的视角,虽然当时这个概念还未得到充分发展(Marx and Engels,1975)。
[4]许多著名的女性主义理论家的论著也将“不稳定的无产者”、“不稳定性”、“不稳定”与“无产阶级”剥离,并以“无产阶级”对立面的方式呈现出来。女性主义理论家朱迪斯 巴特勒(Judith Butler)使用“不稳定的无产者”来指涉“一群人,他们不仅被认为是被剥削的工人,他们的劳动力也被认为是可有可无的”(Butler,2013)。巴特勒的这个定义与马克思产业后备军紧密相关,它将“不稳定的无产者”从那些拥有更多安全感经验的劳动力,即无产阶级中剥离,与马克思将无产阶级视为工人阶级整体截然不同。此外,巴特勒(不正确地)暗指马克思的无产阶级可以被看作是一个狭隘的经济术语。因此她试图通过将“不稳定的无产者”界定为那些“被战争视为目标或居住在被发展毁灭了的地区中的人们”,从而将“不稳定的无产者”与“无产阶级”区别开来(Butler,2013)。巴特勒还将马克思和恩格斯所认同的无产阶级的一般非人类境遇归因于无产阶级自身。通过把“不稳定性”从劳动和无产阶级中割离出来,巴特勒将“不稳定性”描述为适用于极为迥异的社会境遇的“具象生活的一般特征”,是不稳定的“具体”状况的放大(Butler,2013)。
[5]马克思有关“制造业”的分析对人类劳动、手工生产仍然具有其独创的意涵。“机器制造业”这个词被用来描述现代工业(和今天使用制造业这个词的方式相一致)。当马克思提及“现代制造业”的时候,他指的是现代手工业的生产,区别于传统手工业和现代工业。在他有关非法(非正式)工作和工厂外工作的分析中,马克思进一步区分了现代制造业和现代家庭劳动(对于后者,其现代的意涵不能和传统家庭劳动相混淆)。然而在操作上,现代制造业和现代家庭劳动紧密相连。马克思学说中最与众不同的是,尽管现实中只有女性工作在狭小的工作场所(尤其是那些小雇主的家中),如制衣或制帽业明确符合现代家庭工业生产的特征,但是实际上,马克思似乎通常以现代家庭劳动的名义将二者合并。
[6]中国和亚洲其他一些国家和地区是例外。在那里,由于世界经济全球化下的快速积累,以及大量潜在(农村工人)的劳动后备军卷入生产,工人的工资在增长。
[7]有关新国际主义的问题,参见《社会控制需要》(The Necessity of Social Control)(Mészáros,2015)。
[8]这些数据来源于给定国家近年数据的综合和整理。
[9]对于马克思来说,工人阶级运动的目标不是无产阶级的普遍化,而是“最终的解放——完全废除工资体系”(Marx,1976/1865:62)。