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Unit 3 pass掉句子中不必要的成分

副词修饰

考考你的眼力

在下面可去掉副词的句子前打√，其它的句子前打×。

（）1. He runs quite fast．他跑得相当快。

（）2. His sister likes the flower very much．他妹妹非常喜欢这种花。

（）3. They never play basketball in the yard．他们从不在院子里打篮球。

（）4. Linda and Lucy seldom go to school by bus．琳达和露西很少坐公交车去学校。

参考答案

1．（√）2．（√）3．（×）4．（×）

知识大放送

副词在句子中具有强调和说明细节的作用，其实也是一种“不必要”的成分，去掉副词后，句子的主干会快速呈现。副词主要有两种形式，即以-ly作后缀的副词和特殊副词。

一、Pass掉以-Iy作后缀的副词

· The coach asked them to get to the training ground（quickly）．教练让他们快速到达训练场所。

· The young man admitted his error（frankly）．这个年轻人诚实地承认了自己的错误。

· The climate change makes（widely）impact．气候变化有广泛的影响。

注：有些以-ly结尾的副词，如：hardly（几乎不）, scarcely（简直不）, rarely（很少地）等出现在句中不能被去掉，否则会改变句子的意思。

二、Pass掉特殊副词

除了以-ly结尾的副词，还有一些特殊副词，如：

程度副词quite（相当）, very（非常）, much（多）, so（如此）, pretty（十分）

时间副词today（今天）, yesterday（昨天）, tomorrow（明天）, tonight（今晚）, already（已经）, yet（还没）

频率副词often（经常）, usually（通常）, always（总是）, sometimes（有时）

· The children like the amusement park（very much）．孩子们非常喜欢游乐园。

· The boss and the secretary decide to return（tomorrow）．老板和秘书决定明天返回。

· He said the little girl（always）stay up（late）．他说这个小女孩总是熬夜。

注：有些形容词可用作副词，如late（晚地）, hard（努力地）, early（早地）。但是如however（然而）、first（第一）、seldom（很少）、never（从不）等副词在句中不能被去掉，否则会改变句子的意思。

随手练一练

一、找出下列句子中可被pass掉的副词，并翻译整个句子。

1．He treated the foreigners very friendly.

2．They can hardly keep awake because they slept late last night.

3．It was so cold that no one would like to go out.

4．The woman never eats out because she is in very bad condition.

5．The sales manager has already been removed.

参考答案

1．He treated the foreigners very friendly．他对待外国人非常友好。

2．They can hardly keep awake because they slept late last night．他们很难保持清醒，因为他们昨晚睡得晚。

3．It was so cold that no one would like to go out．太冷了，没人愿意出门。

4．The woman never eats out because she is in very bad condition．这位女士从不在外面吃饭，因为她的身体状况非常不好。

5．The sales manager has already been removed．销售部经理已经被撤职了。

二、找出下面这段话中可被pass掉副词的句子。

Lucy and Lily are twins sisters. They look very much alike, but they have the opposite characters. Lucy is very lively and she quite likes making friends. Lily is pretty introverted and she is always afraid to speak to strangers. But both Lucy and Lily are good-grade students, and they often get top two in the exams. Their mother is proud of them.

参考答案

介词+名词/动名词/名词性从句

考考你的眼力

在下面可以去掉“介词+名词/动名词/名词性从句”的句子前打√，其它的句子前打×。

（）1. The teacher has a question about how he can do it in such short time．老师有一个疑问，他是如何在这么短的时间内做到的。

（）2. The man in black is watching the ants．穿黑衣服的男子在看蚂蚁。

（）3. I don't know how they got in．我不知道他们是怎么进去的。

（）4. No one knows the reason why they were arrested．没有人知道他们被捕的原因。

（）5. They have time to see a film．他们有时间去看电影。

（）6. The lawyer is not interested in accepting this case．这位律师对接受这件案子不感兴趣。

参考答案

1．（√）2．（√）3．（×）4．（×）5．（×）6．（√）

知识大放送

一个句子的核心部分一般是主语和谓语，而介词+名词/动名词/名词性从句构成的介词结构可以用来表示时间、地点、状态、工具、方法、怎么样等细节信息，这些属于次要信息，在理解句子时，可通过去掉这些次要信息来理解核心意思。

一、Pass掉介词+名词

1．Pass掉一般介词构成的介词短语

一般介词包含：in, on, with, by, at, of, for等。

· The two sons（of Mr. Green）like to swim（in the summer）．格林先生的两个儿子喜欢在夏天游泳。

· The little girl is sleeping（on the bed）and her mother is cleaning（in the living room）．小女孩正在床上睡觉，她的妈妈正在客厅里打扫卫生。

· Mom and dad are working hard to earn more money（for me）．妈妈和爸爸在努力工作为我挣更多的钱。

· She always gets the highest score（in the class）（with her learning skills）．她用自己的学习方法总能在班里得到最高分。

· They must be playing the games（at home）．他们肯定在家打游戏。

注：①one of后接复数名词作主语时，应该把of+复数名词pass掉。

② 当一些与介词搭配的数词短语与复数名词连用时，可以不用被pass掉，如hundreds of, thousands of, a number of。

2．Pass掉特殊介词短语

除了我们常见的一般介词外，还有一些是由两个或两个以上的单词构成的介词短语或者特殊的介词与名词连用的形式，如according to（根据，按照）、like（像）、including（包含）、in addition to（除……外）、as to（关于）、such as（比如）、along with（与……一起）、with regard to（关于）等。

· Many people come to attend the meeting,（including businessmen, teachers, professors and artists）．很多人来参加这个会议，包括商人、老师、教授和艺术家。

· Lisa dares to go to a remote place（along with her friends）．和朋友一起，丽萨敢去偏远的地方。

· She likes all kinds of music（such as pop music, classic music and rock music）．她喜欢各种各样的音乐，比如流行音乐、古典音乐和摇滚音乐。

·（Thanks to their help）, we could get back to the office before the rain．幸亏有了他们的帮忙，我们才能在下雨前回到办公室。

3．Pass掉介词+被修饰的名词

在介词+名词的结构中，名词前可放置形容词或代词。

· The car was stuck（in a big hole）．这辆车陷入了一个大坑里。

· She is the highest girl（among those girls）．她是那群女孩中最高的。

· The flight was delayed（due to the quite heavy fog）．因为大雾航班延误了。

二、Pass掉介词+动名词

介词后还常接动名词形式，但是动名词后也常接名词作动名词的宾语，在阅读中，除了pass掉介词和动名词，还要把动名词后的名词一起去掉。

· They entered the dead the house（by breaking down the window）．他们通过打碎窗户进入了死者的房子。

· The man woke up（after making a bad dream）．男子做了一个不好的梦就醒了。

· The young couple are walking along（with holding the daughter's hands）．这对年轻的夫妇牵着女儿的手在向前走。

三、Pass掉介词+名词性从句

相比名词和动名词，名词性从句是更长的细节表达，一般是由疑问词引导的，但是语序是陈述句语序。

· I don't care（about where they are going）．我不在乎他们要去哪里。

· The man had a question（about why there was a red shoe on the spot）．这个男士有一个疑问，为什么现场有一只红色的鞋子。

· We should learn（from what you have done wrongly）．我们应该从你做错的事中吸取教训。

随手练一练

一、找出下面句子中可被pass掉的介词构成的部分，并翻译整个句子。

1．The children like to play games in the living room.

2．The man took a long travel along with his dog.

3．Maybe only the old woman knows about where the witch is.

4．The little boy was beat by his father with a stick.

5．You will be fined according to the law.

参考答案

1．The children like to play games in the living room．孩子们喜欢在客厅里玩游戏。

2．The man took a long travel along with his dog．这个人带着他的狗进行了一次漫长的旅行。

3．Maybe only the old woman knows about where the witch is．也许只有这位老妇人知道女巫在哪里。

4．The little boy was beat by his father with a stick．小男孩被父亲用棍子打了。

5．You will be fined according to the law．根据法律规定，你肯定会被罚款的。

二、找出下面这段话中可被去掉介词+名词/动名词/名词性从句结构的句子。

It is getting colder and colder. This year the Johns have enough coal for the winter. The book store operated by John has a good income in the second half of the year. John's wife, Mrs. Marie worked as a nanny in a wealthy family for three months this year, and got a lot of money. Their son has graduated from University, and soon found a well paid job. As for the daughter, Grace won a scholarship of $3000 this year, which can be used to subsidize the tuition.

参考答案

非谓语动词

考考你的眼力

在含有非谓语动词的句子前打√，其它的句子前打×。

（）1. The boss decides to employee more staff．老板决定雇用更多的员工。

（）2. They have enough time to have a perfect wedding．他们有足够的时间举办完美的婚礼。

（）3. Living in abroad for long time, she has very different life style．长期生活在国外，她有非常不同的生活方式。

（）4. The cat hidden under the desk is her pet．藏在桌子底下的猫是她的宠物。

（）5. They may be having a meeting．他们可能在开会。

参考答案

1．（×）2．（√）3．（√）4．（√）5．（×）

知识大放送

非谓语动词，即在句子中不能充当谓语成分的动词，有三种形式，即：动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词。

一、Pass掉动词不定式

1．to+动词原形构成动词不定式常被放置在名词和表语后，可作补语。

· They only have one minute（to prepare）for the meeting．他们只有一分钟的时间来准备会议了。

· The children are very happy（to play the game）．孩子们玩这个游戏很开心。

· There are delicious dishes for them（to eat）．有美味的菜肴在等他们吃。

注：只有修饰名词、表语和整个句子的动词不定式才能被去掉，如果是谓语动词后的动词不定式被去掉就不能成为句子了。

2．Pass掉动词不定式的其它情况

动词不定式结构在句子中还常用作目的状语。

· They went there on foot（so as to save money）．为了省钱他们步行去了那里。

·（To sell this dress）, she said a lot of exaggerations．为了卖出这件衣服，她说了很多夸张的话。

·（To pay for the credit bills）, she took a part-time job．为了偿还信用卡账单，她做了一份兼职。

二、Pass掉现在分词形式

1．动词的现在分词形式位于名词后可作后置定语，如果分词后有名词，也要被pass掉。

· There are five monkeys（looking for food）．有五只猴子在找食物。

· These women（wearing formal dresses）must be stars．这些穿着正式礼服的女士肯定是明星。

· He stood there（watching the film）．他站在那里看电影。

2．Pass掉现在分词的其它情况

有时，现在分词短语用逗号与主句隔开，此时，现在分词短语表示的是主句的附加信息。

·（Knowing the bad news）, he made a call to his friend．得知了这个坏消息，他给朋友打了电话。

·（Sleeping late last night）, he couldn't get up this morning．昨晚睡得晚了，他今天早上起不来。

·（Though being washed by the owner）, the dog barked all the time．尽管正在被主人洗澡，这只狗一直在叫。

三、Pass掉过去分词

1．动词的过去分词置于名词后可作后置定语，分词后如果有介词短语，也要一并去掉。

· The professor asked a question（answered by no students）．教授提出了一个问题，没有人回答。

· I don't like the cake（shared by them）．我不喜欢他们分享的蛋糕。

· The policeman saw the thief（hidden among the crowd）．警察看见了躲藏在人群中的小偷。

2．Pass掉过去分词的其它情况

与现在分词相同，过去分词短语用逗号与主句隔开，表示附加信息，连同后面的介词短语一并去掉。

·（Helped by a strange man）, she felt very grateful．被一个陌生人帮助了，她感到非常感激。

·（Informed just ten minutes earlier）, they had no much time left．十分钟前才得到通知，他们剩下的时间不多了。

·（Located in the center of the city）, the building can be seen at first glance．这座建筑位于城市的中心，一眼就可以看到。

随手练一练

一、找出下面句子中可被pass掉的非谓语动词结构，并翻译整个句子。

1．There is a park around the community for people to do exercise.

2．There are ten trains running at this time.

3．Insulted by someone, he decided to find a lawyer to sue.

4．The woman dressed in gold necklace is Mr. White's wife.

5．They plan to collect more money to build a school.

参考答案

1．There is a park around the community for people to do exercise．社区附近有一个公园可以让人们锻炼身体。

2．There are ten trains running at this time．此时有十辆火车在运行。

3．Insulted by someone, he decided to find a lawyer to sue．被人辱骂了，他决定找律师起诉。

4．The woman dressed in gold necklace is Mr. White's wife．那位戴着金项链的女士是怀特先生的妻子。

5．They plan to collect more money to build a school．他们计划募集更多的钱来建立一个学校。

二、找出下面这段话中包含非谓语动词结构的句子。

On the calm lake, two ducks are swimming leisurely. Suddenly, a duck swims to reverse; it may find something it is interested in. The other duck doesn't find that its partner has left, and it beats down the wings. The hunter hidden behind the trees is very glad to see this only duck and he is ready to shoot with his shotgun. At that moment, the duck that has gone screams in the distance, and the duck aimed at by the hunter swims fast to the screaming. The hunter sighs, "It is a pity! "

参考答案

连词+主语+动词

考考你的眼力

在含有连词+主语+动词结构的句子前打√，其它的句子前打×。

（）1. The door bell rang when they came back．他们回来的时候门铃响了。

（）2. I said nothing．我什么也没说。

（）3. Even if he is a math teacher, he can teach Chinese well．即使他是一个数学老师，他也可以把语文教好。

（）4. Since you are right, you have the final saying．既然你是对的，你就有最终话语权。

（）5. Why did you say nothing at the meeting？为什么你在会议上什么也没说？

参考答案

1．（√）2．（×）3．（√）4．（√）5．（×）

知识大放送

“连词+主语+动词”通常指的是状语从句，状语从句在句子中主要起的是副词作用，修饰整个句子，在删选的时候，注意要pass掉整个从句。

1．Pass掉单个单词引导的状语从句

·（Although there is a flaw at the bottom of the cup）, it was sold at a high price．即使底部有一点瑕疵，这个杯子也被卖出了高价。

· It rained（before the exhibition ended）．展览会结束前开始下雨了。

·（As he is rich）, many women want to marry him．因为他很富有，很多女人想嫁给他。

2．Pass掉词组引导的状语从句

·（Even if you are very healthy）, you should do exercise．即使你很健康，你也应该做运动。

·（Now that you are going to get married）, why don't you hold a wedding？既然你们要结婚了，为什么不举行一个婚礼呢？

·（No matter what you are doing）, you should stop to have dinner．不管你在做什么，你都应该停下来去吃饭。

· The car stopped（in that it was running out of gas）．车子因为没油了停了下来。

随手练一练

一、找出下面句子中可被pass掉的连词+主语+动词结构，并翻译整个句子。

1．They went for a picnic because it cleared up.

2．He didn't answer the phone when it rang.

3．Whether it is your mistake or not, it is not important.

4．You'd better leave for early if you want to get the useful information.

5．Why don't you stop to enjoy the view now that you like it?

参考答案

1．They went for a picnic because it cleared up．因为天气放晴了，他们就去野炊了。

2．He didn't answer the phone when it rang．电话响的时候他没有接。

3．Whether it is your mistake or not, it is not important．这是不是你的错并不重要。

4．You'd better leave for early if you want to get the useful information．如果你想得到有用的信息，最好早点出发。

5．Why don't you stop to enjoy the view now that you like it？既然你喜欢为什么不停下来欣赏风景呢？

二、找出下面这段话中包含连词+主语+动词结构的句子。

The centre of the city built a zoo. When the zoo opened, it attracted a lot of people to come to visit. Many young lovers and newly couples will come here. But the zoo's is most popular with children, because they love the animals. By the end of last month, the zoo has accepted 10 million tourists. If the men are over 70 years old to come to visit, they will get free tickets. The tickets are half price for children while the adult ticket is $70.

参考答案

关系词+主语+动词

考考你的眼力

在含有关系词+主语+动词结构的句子前打√，其它的句子前打×。

（）1. I never saw the man, who was a thief．我没有见过这个小偷。

（）2. Did you know the accident which happened last night？你知道昨晚发生的事故吗？

（）3. This matter has nothing with him．这件事情和他无关。

（）4. You are really a fool．你真是一个傻瓜。

（）5. What a big boat！好大一艘船啊！

参考答案

1．（√）2．（√）3．（×）4．（×）5．（×）

知识大放送

“关系词+主语+动词”一般指的是定语从句。根据先行词的不同和形式可把定语从句分为三类：指人的定语从句、指物的定语从句和介词+关系词引导的定语从句。

一、Pass掉指人的定语从句

1．Pass掉指人的主格的定语从句

· They have a daughter（who has a smart brain）．他们有一个头脑聪明的女儿。

· No one has seen the girl（whose leg is disabled）．没有人见过这个腿部残疾的女孩。

· The factory will punish those（who steal the parts）．工厂会惩罚那些偷零件的人。

2．Pass掉指人的宾格的定语从句

· She is the woman（whom my father talked with yesterday）．她就是我爸爸昨天交谈的女士。

· The boy（whom I like very much）is my aunt's son．这个我非常喜欢的男孩是我姑姑的儿子。

· The man（whom you saw just now）is our new teacher．你刚才看见的人是我们的新老师。

二、Pass掉指事和物的定语从句

1．Pass掉先行词为物的限制性定语从句

· He holds a book（which was written by Mark）．他拿了一本马克写的书。

· They went to the lake（which is famous for the clean water）．他们去了那个因干净的水而闻名的湖泊。

· He will challenge the race（which may give him award as a result）．他要挑战这个可能会给他奖励的比赛。

2．Pass掉非限制性定语从句

· Most of the students didn't pass the exam,（which made the teacher disappointed）．大多数学生没有通过考试，让老师很失望。

·（As is known to all）, the mountain is rich in mineral resources．众所周知，这座山里有丰富的矿产。

· This is the first time our country has hosted the Olympic Games,（which made everyone excited）．这是我们国家第一次举办奥运会，这使得每一个人都很激动。

三、Pass掉介词+关系代词引导的定语从句

介词+关系代词相当于关系副词。

· The old must like the park（in which / where they can go for a walk）．老年人肯定喜欢这个公园，他们可以在里面散步。

· It's ten o'clock（at which /when they will leave for the airport）．现在10点了，他们要出发前往机场。

· We knew the reason quickly（for which / why he didn't win the race）．我们很快就知道了为什么他没有赢得比赛。

随手练一练

一、找出下列句子中包含的关系词+主语+动词结构，并翻译整个句子。

1．Many roads are being repaired at the same time, which caused inconvenience for us.

2．The model that is super famous has been married.

3．Don't harm frogs which are helpful to the farms.

4．They went to the zoo in which his kids knew a lot of animals.

5．They young man whom they want to hire has rich working experience.

参考答案

1．Many roads are being repaired at the same time, which caused inconvenience for us．很多路同时在修，给我们造成了不便。

2．The model that is super famous has been married．这个有超高名气的模特已经结婚了。

3．Don't harm frogs which are helpful to the farms．不要伤害青蛙，它们对农田有帮助。

4．They went to the zoo in which his kids knew a lot of animals．他们去了动物园，他的孩子在那里认识了很多动物。

5．They young man whom they want to hire has rich working experience．他们想雇用这个有丰富工作经验的年轻人。

二、找出下面这段话中包含关系词+主语+动词结构的句子。

Evan was born in a small town in the south of Italy. He grew up in a happy family. His parents were very much in love. He has two sisters and a brother; they are all the persons he loves most. When Evan was 18 years old, his parents died, which made him sad for two years. This is the reason why he later wrote a book to commemorate the parents. Now Evan is 30 years old, and he got married with a French woman three years ago and had a son. He loves the son who looks like Evan's father very much.

参考答案