Abstract

Take Juanna（捐纳） in the Qing Dynasty as the point cuts and the complex relationship between the internal change track of the system of juanna and social development as the path，we will thoroughly review the complex relationship between the system of juanna and national governance in the Qing Dynasty，and explain the roles of the system of juanna in national governance and resource control in different historical stages，and focuses on analyzing the capital flow between education，politics，and economy and the changes of social trends from the perspective of resource replacement and capital transformation，and analyze the mutual contradiction and internal coordination between different systems of imperial examination，juanna，and selecting officials after evaluating qualifications，and then explain the complex aspects of the conflict and integration of Manchu and Han cultures，and present political culture and its operation mechanism in Qing Dynasty，which are the core themes of this book.

Take political history as the guide，through the perspective of institutional history and social history research，take juanna as a pivotal role in a specific political field and social space，and as a specific resource exchange platform，analyze and expound economic capital and political capital，analyze and elaborate the transformation mechanism and law between economic capital，political capital and cultural capital，which are an important direction of research methods of this book. Senior scholars’ research paths and styles are different，Xu Daling pained attention to the changes in system structure in the perspective of system history research，Wu Yue emphasized the interaction between juanna and society from the perspective of social history，Chen Kuanqiang emphasized the political nature of juanna in the perspective of political history，Yang Qiqiao and Liu Fengyun studied the juanna incidents of the Yongzheng and Kangxi dynasties from the perspective of chronological history research，and so on，which are worth developing. This book sort out the internal management and external function evolution of the system of juanna from a micro perspective，pays attention to the introduction of new perspectives such as political culture，analysis juanna in the context of broad social changes，discusses strategically institutional mutual assistance and satisfaction in national governance，and the growth and decline of Manchu and Han’s strength under the cultural conflict between the Han and Manchus，and the historical circumstances and actual conditions of the transformation of different capitals，expound the deep history of the evolution of juanna in the Qing Dynasty，the core mechanism of operation，and then elaborate the unique logic of national governance in Qing Dynasty.

Specifically，juanna was a special link，which connected talent training，social mobility，and educational development in the process of national governance in Qing Dynasty. For the Qing government，juanna was an immune system that resists internal and external troubles and rescues the poor. It often obtained a large amount of emergency fund assistance by selling a certain amount of symbolic capital，and implemented self-rescue activities. Juanna is undoubtedly an excellent window for observing national governance in the Qing Dynasty，from which you can observe the governance strategies and governance logic of traditional countries，the path change of talent selection and the core rules of various capital transformations.

In terms of content selection，this book focuses on three research contents of juanna. During the Shun-Kang and Yongzheng period，the state mainly emphasized individual donation，and juanna is a better window for observing the power game of the Manchu and Han bureaucrats in political institutions. During the Qian-jia period，the system of juanna was relied more heavily，which is an important way to observe the country’s handling of crises. Since the Daoguang era，the system of juanna had increasingly become a life-saving straw for coping with domestic and foreign difficulties，which observed the country’s financial self-adjustment and became one of the important sources of funds for the start of modernization.

In the Qing Dynasty，juanna was essentially a capital transaction between the state and the people. It was known to all，spread across the country and involved all classes. However，due to involve personal privacy，juanna was despised，and therefore the means and paths of operation were extremely concealed. The research not only pays attention to the folk historical documents such as private diaries，novels，and cultural relics，but also pays attention to the collection of historical data on the central systems，and Special attention should be paid to the utilization and excavation of a large number of archives，such as “Disaster Relief Files” and other national archives of Zhu Pi of the military aircraft department，as well as the “Ba County Archives” and “Southern Archives” and other local archives. The article insisted on carefully sorting out the evolution of the system of juanna from a multi-level and multi-angle manner，then reveal the complex relationship between juanna and national governance in the Qing Dynasty，summarizes the excellent experience of national governance in traditional society.

Keywords：Juanna；the Qing Dynasty；Talent Selection；Growth and Decline of Manchu and Han Dynasty；National Governance